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<h1 id="use-case-5-soft-deletes-pattern">Use Case 5: Soft Deletes Pattern</h1>
<p><strong>Scenario:</strong> Deleting a task should be recoverable. Instead of removing the document, set a tombstone flag and filter it from normal queries.</p>
<hr />
<h2 id="whats-new">📦 What's New?</h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Component</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>SoftDeleteDocument</code></td>
<td>Base model carrying <code>is_deleted</code>, <code>deleted_at</code>, <code>deleted_by</code>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>SoftDeleteRepository[T]</code></td>
<td>Repository-level soft delete / restore / filtering using <code>update</code> + <code>get_many</code>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>permanent_delete</code></td>
<td>Escapes to the real <code>delete</code>.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<hr />
<h2 id="example">🚀 Example</h2>
<div class="language-python highlight"><span class="filename">Python</span><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">datetime</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">datetime</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2" href="#__codelineno-0-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3" href="#__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">fastapi</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">FastAPI</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">HTTPException</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4" href="#__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">mongo_ops</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">BaseDocument</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">BaseRepository</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5" href="#__codelineno-0-5"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6" href="#__codelineno-0-6"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7" href="#__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">SoftDeleteDocument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BaseDocument</span><span class="p">):</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8" href="#__codelineno-0-8"></a> <span class="n">is_deleted</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">bool</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">False</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9" href="#__codelineno-0-9"></a> <span class="n">deleted_at</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">datetime</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="kc">None</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10" href="#__codelineno-0-10"></a> <span class="n">deleted_by</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="kc">None</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11" href="#__codelineno-0-11"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12" href="#__codelineno-0-12"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13" href="#__codelineno-0-13"></a><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Task</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SoftDeleteDocument</span><span class="p">):</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-14" name="__codelineno-0-14" href="#__codelineno-0-14"></a> <span class="n">title</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-15" name="__codelineno-0-15" href="#__codelineno-0-15"></a> <span class="n">description</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-16" name="__codelineno-0-16" href="#__codelineno-0-16"></a> <span class="n">assignee_id</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-17" name="__codelineno-0-17" href="#__codelineno-0-17"></a> <span class="n">status</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;pending&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-18" name="__codelineno-0-18" href="#__codelineno-0-18"></a> <span class="n">priority</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;medium&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-19" name="__codelineno-0-19" href="#__codelineno-0-19"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-20" name="__codelineno-0-20" href="#__codelineno-0-20"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-21" name="__codelineno-0-21" href="#__codelineno-0-21"></a><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">SoftDeleteRepository</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BaseRepository</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">]):</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-22" name="__codelineno-0-22" href="#__codelineno-0-22"></a> <span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">soft_delete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">id</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">deleted_by</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="kc">None</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-23" name="__codelineno-0-23" href="#__codelineno-0-23"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">(</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-24" name="__codelineno-0-24" href="#__codelineno-0-24"></a> <span class="nb">id</span><span class="p">,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-25" name="__codelineno-0-25" href="#__codelineno-0-25"></a> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">&quot;is_deleted&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;deleted_at&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">utcnow</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="s2">&quot;deleted_by&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">deleted_by</span><span class="p">},</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-26" name="__codelineno-0-26" href="#__codelineno-0-26"></a> <span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-27" name="__codelineno-0-27" href="#__codelineno-0-27"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-28" name="__codelineno-0-28" href="#__codelineno-0-28"></a> <span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">restore</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">id</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">):</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-29" name="__codelineno-0-29" href="#__codelineno-0-29"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">(</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-30" name="__codelineno-0-30" href="#__codelineno-0-30"></a> <span class="nb">id</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">&quot;is_deleted&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;deleted_at&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;deleted_by&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-31" name="__codelineno-0-31" href="#__codelineno-0-31"></a> <span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-32" name="__codelineno-0-32" href="#__codelineno-0-32"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-33" name="__codelineno-0-33" href="#__codelineno-0-33"></a> <span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">get_active</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skip</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">limit</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">):</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-34" name="__codelineno-0-34" href="#__codelineno-0-34"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_many</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">filter</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">&quot;is_deleted&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="n">skip</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">skip</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">limit</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">limit</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-35" name="__codelineno-0-35" href="#__codelineno-0-35"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-36" name="__codelineno-0-36" href="#__codelineno-0-36"></a> <span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">get_deleted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skip</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">limit</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">):</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-37" name="__codelineno-0-37" href="#__codelineno-0-37"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_many</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">filter</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">&quot;is_deleted&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="n">skip</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">skip</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">limit</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">limit</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-38" name="__codelineno-0-38" href="#__codelineno-0-38"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-39" name="__codelineno-0-39" href="#__codelineno-0-39"></a> <span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">permanent_delete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">id</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="nb">bool</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-40" name="__codelineno-0-40" href="#__codelineno-0-40"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">delete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">id</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-41" name="__codelineno-0-41" href="#__codelineno-0-41"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-42" name="__codelineno-0-42" href="#__codelineno-0-42"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-43" name="__codelineno-0-43" href="#__codelineno-0-43"></a><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">TaskRepository</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SoftDeleteRepository</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="p">]):</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-44" name="__codelineno-0-44" href="#__codelineno-0-44"></a> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-45" name="__codelineno-0-45" href="#__codelineno-0-45"></a> <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;tasks&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Task</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-46" name="__codelineno-0-46" href="#__codelineno-0-46"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-47" name="__codelineno-0-47" href="#__codelineno-0-47"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-48" name="__codelineno-0-48" href="#__codelineno-0-48"></a><span class="n">app</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">FastAPI</span><span class="p">()</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-49" name="__codelineno-0-49" href="#__codelineno-0-49"></a><span class="n">task_repo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TaskRepository</span><span class="p">()</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-50" name="__codelineno-0-50" href="#__codelineno-0-50"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-51" name="__codelineno-0-51" href="#__codelineno-0-51"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-52" name="__codelineno-0-52" href="#__codelineno-0-52"></a><span class="nd">@app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">delete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;/tasks/</span><span class="si">{task_id}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-53" name="__codelineno-0-53" href="#__codelineno-0-53"></a><span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">soft_delete_task</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">task_id</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">user_id</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">):</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-54" name="__codelineno-0-54" href="#__codelineno-0-54"></a> <span class="n">task</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">task_repo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">soft_delete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">task_id</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">deleted_by</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">user_id</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-55" name="__codelineno-0-55" href="#__codelineno-0-55"></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">task</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-56" name="__codelineno-0-56" href="#__codelineno-0-56"></a> <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="n">HTTPException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">status_code</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">404</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">detail</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;Task not found&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-57" name="__codelineno-0-57" href="#__codelineno-0-57"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">&quot;message&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Task deleted&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;task&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">task</span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-58" name="__codelineno-0-58" href="#__codelineno-0-58"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-59" name="__codelineno-0-59" href="#__codelineno-0-59"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-60" name="__codelineno-0-60" href="#__codelineno-0-60"></a><span class="nd">@app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;/tasks/</span><span class="si">{task_id}</span><span class="s2">/restore&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-61" name="__codelineno-0-61" href="#__codelineno-0-61"></a><span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">restore_task</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">task_id</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">):</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-62" name="__codelineno-0-62" href="#__codelineno-0-62"></a> <span class="n">task</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">task_repo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">restore</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">task_id</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-63" name="__codelineno-0-63" href="#__codelineno-0-63"></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">task</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-64" name="__codelineno-0-64" href="#__codelineno-0-64"></a> <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="n">HTTPException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">status_code</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">404</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">detail</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;Task not found&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-65" name="__codelineno-0-65" href="#__codelineno-0-65"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">&quot;message&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Task restored&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;task&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">task</span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-66" name="__codelineno-0-66" href="#__codelineno-0-66"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-67" name="__codelineno-0-67" href="#__codelineno-0-67"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-68" name="__codelineno-0-68" href="#__codelineno-0-68"></a><span class="nd">@app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;/tasks/&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">response_model</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="p">])</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-69" name="__codelineno-0-69" href="#__codelineno-0-69"></a><span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">list_active_tasks</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">skip</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">limit</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">):</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-70" name="__codelineno-0-70" href="#__codelineno-0-70"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">task_repo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_active</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">skip</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">limit</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-71" name="__codelineno-0-71" href="#__codelineno-0-71"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-72" name="__codelineno-0-72" href="#__codelineno-0-72"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-73" name="__codelineno-0-73" href="#__codelineno-0-73"></a><span class="nd">@app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;/tasks/deleted&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">response_model</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="p">])</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-74" name="__codelineno-0-74" href="#__codelineno-0-74"></a><span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">list_deleted_tasks</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">skip</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">limit</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">):</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-75" name="__codelineno-0-75" href="#__codelineno-0-75"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">task_repo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_deleted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">skip</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">limit</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Note:</strong> add the <code>lifespan</code> wiring from <a href="../01_basic_crud/">use case 01</a> so <code>task_repo</code> is created after connection.</p>
</blockquote>
<hr />
<h2 id="tips">💡 Tips</h2>
<ul>
<li><code>BaseRepository[T]</code> is generic — subclasses must parameterize it (see <code>SoftDeleteRepository[T]</code> above). <code>from mongo_ops import BaseRepository; BaseRepository[T]</code> works out of the box.</li>
<li>Keep a compound index on <code>{"is_deleted": 1, "status": 1}</code> for active-list queries (see <a href="../13_index_creation/">use case 13</a>).</li>
<li>Soft-deleted documents should be <strong>excluded at the repository boundary</strong>, never re-filtered ad hoc in endpoints.</li>
</ul>
<hr />
<h2 id="related">Related</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="../01_basic_crud/">01 – Basic CRUD</a> · <a href="../13_index_creation/">13 – Indexes</a> · <a href="../04_pagination/">04 – Pagination</a></li>
</ul>
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